Políticas de retorno y organización comunitaria. Reflexiones a partir del caso atacameño Lickanantay

Ulises Cárdenas; Patricia Ayala; Claudia Ogalde; Benjamín Candia; Leonel Salinas; Romina Yere; Carlos Aguilar; Christian  Espíndola; Suyay  Cruz

doi:10.64377/30087716.1273

Authors

Ulises Cárdenas Atacameña Community of San Pedro de Atacama.ICAHM-ICOMOS https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-5016
Patricia Ayala Department of Anthropology, University of Chile (UCh). Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Studies-CIIR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9620-925X
Claudia Ogalde Doctoral Program in Anthropology, University of Tarapacá-Catholic University of the North (UTA-UCN). AndesPeat Millennium Nucleus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4851-7696
Benjamín Candia Academy of Christian Humanism University (UAHC) - Master's Program in Historical and Archaeological Studies, University of Buenos Aires (UBA) https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7230-0963
Leonel Salinas University of La Serena (ULS). Atacameña Community of Lasana https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7523-2239
Romina Yere Andres Bello University (UNAB). Atacameño Community of Toconce
Carlos Aguilar Atacameña Community of San Pedro de Atacama
Christian Espíndola Atacameño Lickanantay Community of Toconao
Suyay Cruz University of Chile (UCh)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64377/30087716.1273

Keywords:

repatriation, restitution, reburial, Atacameño Lickanantay People

Abstract

This paper seeks to contribute to the debate on return and repatriation policies, highlighting the central role of Indigenous Peoples in these contexts. To this end, it proposes a reflection on how these policies are understood and defined based on a collaborative project aimed at studying the collecting and patrimonialization of Indigenous bodies in the Atacameño Lickanantay territory, in northern Chile. It also offers a historical overview of the community organization of the Atacameño Lickanantay people, with an emphasis on collective action for the defense of ancestral places and bodies. It also describes the community work carried out within this project, focusing on its dynamics of socialization and awareness-raising. It also reflects on the complexities and disputes associated with local knowledge and the authorized discourse on heritage and addresses state appropriation of repatriation processes, underscoring the need to make Indigenous agency visible. The paper concludes with a recap of the main ideas and some final reflections.

Author Biographies

Ulises Cárdenas, Atacameña Community of San Pedro de Atacama.ICAHM-ICOMOS

Ulises Cárdenas Hidalgo is an archaeologist with a degree in Anthropology from the University of Chile and a Master's degree (c) in Anthropology from the Universidad Católica del Norte. He is an advisory member of ICOMOS Chile and an expert member of ICAHM – International Scientific Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management. He specializes in heritage and environmental matters, with a special interest in historical archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, fieldwork, and participation in studies on the indigenous human environment in the North of Chile. He collaborates in indigenous consultation processes, following the guidelines of ILO Convention No. 169, international conventions and treaties on human rights, especially those of Indigenous populations, peoples, and disabilities. He coordinates the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in Atacameño Territory."

Patricia Ayala, Department of Anthropology, University of Chile (UCh). Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Studies-CIIR

Archaeologist from the University of Chile and PhD in Anthropology from the Catholic University of the North and the University of Tarapacá. She has focused her research on the relationships between Indigenous peoples, archaeologists, and the State, as well as on the processes of patrimonialization and the ethical and political aspects of this discipline. From the perspective of collaborative, Indigenous, and decolonial archaeologies, her most recent research focuses on the processes of collecting, musealization, repatriation, restitution, and reburial of human bodies and Indigenous collections. In Chile, she coordinated the Atacameño Community Relations Unit and the Archaeological Research and Museum Institute of the Catholic University of the North, where she also worked as an academic. In the United States, was a visiting professor at the College of the Atlantic. She has been a visiting professor of graduate courses or seminars at the University of Buenos Aires, the University of Chile, the Catholic University of the North, and the Australian National University. She has also been a research consultant at the Abbe Museum and the Australian National University. She is resident researcher and adjunct researcher at the Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Studies (CIIR). Since mid-2021, has been a professor and researcher in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chile. Her publications include “Políticas del Pasado: Indígenas, Arqueólogos y Estado en Atacama (2009 y 2018)”, “Indigenous People and Archaeology in Latin America”, co-edited with Cristóbal Gnecco (2012), and “El regreso de los ancestros: movimientos indígenas de repatriación y redignificación de los cuerpos”, co-edited with Jacinta Arthur (2020). She coordinates the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in Atacama Territory." He is a member of the Red de Información y Discusión en Arqueología y Patrimonio (RIDAP) and the Editorial Committee of Memorias Disidentes: Revista de estudios críticos del patrimonio, archivos y memorias.

Claudia Ogalde, Doctoral Program in Anthropology, University of Tarapacá-Catholic University of the North (UTA-UCN). AndesPeat Millennium Nucleus

Is an archaeologist with a Master's degree in Anthropology (UTA-UCN). Her research interests are diverse and primarily focus on the Atacama Desert. She has participated in various publications and participated in various academic and research projects. She also maintains ongoing collaboration with various institutions, indigenous communities, and social organizations, in addition to participating and advising on various social and community initiatives. She is currently a PhD candidate in Anthropology, and her research seeks to understand patrimonialization processes in extractivist contexts, focusing especially on the agency of archaeological heritage and local responses. Using approaches such as political ecology and the case of mining extractivism in the Atacama Desert, she studies various aspects related to the presence of archaeological evidence and its patrimonialization, as well as the development of archaeology in these spaces, with special attention to its relationship with scientific extractivism and the development of large-scale mining in Chile. He is a member of the research team for the project “Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in the Atacameño Territory.”

Benjamín Candia, Academy of Christian Humanism University (UAHC) - Master's Program in Historical and Archaeological Studies, University of Buenos Aires (UBA)

He is an Anthropologist graduated from the Academia de Humanismo Cristiano University, Chile, where he developed his thesis "Demands for the repatriation of the bodies of indigenous ancestors. The case of the Atacameño Lickanantay community" (2022). He is currently studying the Master's program in Historical-Archaeological Studies at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. He has focused his research on demands for repatriation, restitution, and reburial of indigenous human remains along with their cultural objects, specifically those of the Atacameño Lickanantay people. His research also analyzes Andean conceptions and beliefs about ancestors and death, in order to understand the reasons for demands for repatriation of indigenous ancestors. He has published as a co-author in archaeology and anthropology journals. He is a member of the research team of the project "Patrimonialization and collecting of indigenous bodies in Atacameño territory."

Leonel Salinas, University of La Serena (ULS). Atacameña Community of Lasana

He holds a degree in Education and is a Professor of History and Geography from the University of La Serena. He belongs to the Atacameño Community of Lasana. He is a historian with publications on Chilean history and the history and uses of ancestral medicine in the Alto Loa region. He has taught courses on community strengthening and in schools in the region. He has actively participated in community leadership processes in the Alto Loa region. He is a founding partner of the Ckunza Ckonics Corporation. He is a member of the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in the Atacameño Territory."

Romina Yere, Andres Bello University (UNAB). Atacameño Community of Toconce

Originally from the communities of Toconce and Caspana, throughout her life she has worked to preserve her people's culture and ancestral knowledge. She served on the board of directors of the Toconce Community, where she participated in the management of projects focused on education, health, and the recovery of their traditions. She conducted research on ancestral medicine, interviewing community elders to recover their knowledge and understand the context in which these practices were part of their history. Currently, she is part of a municipal foundation that promotes programs benefiting Atacama communities. She has also worked on the repatriation of exhumed bodies and objects, a cause essential to the memory and dignity of the Atacama people. Her commitment is to protecting the identity of the Indigenous communities of Atacama, transmitting ancestral knowledge, and defending the rights of Indigenous Peoples. She is a member of the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in Atacama Territory."

Carlos Aguilar, Atacameña Community of San Pedro de Atacama

He is originally from the Lickan Antay community (people in their own language). He has dedicated much of his life to agricultural work, local crafts, construction, cultural guiding, and leadership. He has trained in cultural management, national park administration with a focus on tourism, art history, botanical drawing, transmission and exchange of traditional knowledge, communication, and repatriation. He has served as a member and leader of local organizations with a cultural focus, traditional medicine, and environmental education for children. He has also advised university students on construction techniques and participated in workshops on water and indigenous land rights. He has co-created cultural events, highlighting his coordination of exchange and barter meetings between the native Lickan Antay peoples of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, as well as the festival of the ancestral spirit of verses, song, and poetry. He was a member of the working group (composed of local leaders, officials, and academics from the Museum in San Pedro de Atacama) for the removal of the bodies of his ancestors from display. He was also part of the team packing the offerings and bodies of his ancestors from the former local museum to a temporary facility, where they will remain until the Atacameño people decide on their final destination. He is currently a member of the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in Atacameño Territory." He participates and presents at national and international conferences on our ancestors and is a co-author of publications in national and international archaeology journals.

Christian Espíndola, Atacameño Lickanantay Community of Toconao

He is a Lickanantay farmer, surveyor, and researcher who lives in the Lickanantay community of Toconao. Since 2017, he began working on research related to the struggle and investigation into the whereabouts of his ancestors' bodies, a long-standing demand of the Lickanantay community. He is a member of the research team for the project "Patrimonialization and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in Atacameño Territory." This research study studies the processes of collecting and patrimonialization of human bodies and archaeological materials from the Atacameño territory, located between the Salar de Atacama and the Loa basin. He currently works in the Lickanantay community of Toconao, where he has compiled information on ancient bodies from the Toconao community, which are removed and taken to museums and universities in Chile and around the world. Along with this, she is conducting research on the earliest human settlements in the high Andean salt flats of the Toconao territory, as well as studying the impact of climate change on the indigenous communities of the Lickanantay territory. She is a member of the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in the Atacameño Territory."

Suyay Cruz, University of Chile (UCh)

Suyay Cruz Navea is currently studying Archaeology at the University of Chile. He is also a native of the Atacameño Lickanantay people and a member of the Socaire Community. He is part of the research team for the project "Heritage and Collecting of Indigenous Bodies in the Atacameño Territory."

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Villanueva, Juan; Alonso, Pablo y Ayala, Patricia (2019). Arqueología de la ruptura colonial: mouros, chullpas, gentiles y abuelos en España, Bolivia y Chile en perspectiva comparada. Estudios Atacameños, 60, 9-30. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432018005001402

Yere, Romina; Salinas, Leonel y Jaramillo, Pablo (2023). Salud para el Cuerpo y el Espíritu: Uso de las Hierbas Medicinales en Toconce. Fondo Medioambiental Minera El Abra.

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Sitios, páginas web, archivos y legislación consultados

Consejo de Pueblos Atacameños (2020). [Escrito presentado al Superintendente del Medio Ambiente en Chile]. https://snifa.sma.gob.cl/General/Descargar/20612038428

Consejo de Pueblos del Oasis de Calama (2021). [Escrito presentado y leído para la Comisión 5. Medio Ambiente, Derechos de la Naturaleza, Bienes Naturales Comunes y Modelo Económico de la Convención Constitucional].

Corporación Cultural Lickanantay Ckunza Ckonics (2025). Estatutos de la Corporación.

Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile (s.f.). El Hombre de Cobre: Un embajador del legado minero. https://www.codelco.com/nosotros/el-hombre-de-cobre-un-embajador-del-legado-minero

Ilustre Municipalidad de Calama (2024). Registro de Juntas de Vecinos. Transparencia Municipal. http://calamatransparencia.insico.cl/paginas/Registrospublicos.aspx?id=1

Ilustre Municipalidad de San Pedro de Atacama (2024). Registro Público Organizaciones Ley 19.419. https://munispa.cl/registro-publico-jjvv/

Ley de Monumentos Nacionales (1970). Legisla sobre los Monumentos Nacionales en Chile. Publicada en el Diario Oficial de la República de Chile, 04 de febrero de 1970. https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=28892

Ley de Protección y Repatriación de Tumbas de Nativos Americanos (NAGPRA) (1990). Exige la propiedad y repatriación de restos humanos y objetos culturales de nativos americanos y hawaianos que se encuentran en posesión de instituciones financiadas con fondos federales. Publicada en el Federal Register, vol. 55, n.º 228, 27 de noviembre de 1990. https://www.nps.gov/nagpra/

Ley Indigena (1993). Establece normas sobre protección, fomento y desarrollo de los indígenas, y crea la Corporación Nacional de Desarrollo Indígena. Publicada en el Diario Oficial de la República de Chile, 05 de octubre de 1993. https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=30620

Ley 25.517 (2001). Comunidades indígenas. Restos Mortales. Establece que deberán ser puestos a disposición de los pueblos indígenas y/o comunidades de pertenencia que lo reclamen, los restos mortales de aborígenes, que formen parte de museos y/o colecciones públicas o privadas. Publicada en el Boletín Oficial el 20 de diciembre de 2001, Nro. 29800. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-25517-70944

Observatorio Latinoamericano de Conflictos Ambientales (OLCA). (2024). Salares en riesgo: La tramposa estrategia nacional del litio. OLCA. https://olca.cl/oca/informes/Salares-en-riesgo_La-tramposa-estrategia-nacional-del-litio.pdf

Organización de los Estados Americanos (2016). Declaración Americana sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas. https://www.oas.org/es/sadye/documentos/res-2888-16-es.pdf

Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2007). Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_es.pdf